importation and establishment of E. Biological Pest Control Case Study – the cassava mealybug. Release and The cassava mealybug has a body which is encompassed by short fibers, and secured with a fine covering of wax, it is pinkish in color. A case of Indah Water Konsortium (IWK), Understanding the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). This gene gun would be able to in theory change the genetic makeup of the cassava plant so that it could offer some sort of protection against predators. Yield losses as reported by farmers are averaged at about 80% during the 1983 cassava mealybug outbreak but were reduced to 43% in 1979 pre infestation levels. THE CASSAVA PLANT Cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae) (Figure 1.1), is a perennial root crop native to tropical America and introduced into Africa by the Portuguese in the 1600s. Norgaard Cassava Mealybug Control 367 cassava-growing region of Africa, and losses from mealybug were brought under control. Although timing is not regular, depending on biological events and conditions such as area under cultivation and climatic factors, it seems that major new diseases or strains of cassava disease tend to appear every 7–10 years. 1985. Prevention. pest, cassava green spider mites, Mononychellus The economic impact of biological control of the cassava mealybug, mainly by A. lopezi, has been judged to be excellent (Norgaard, 1988a, b; Zeddies et al., 2001). Causes loss of leaves (in Africa, cassava used as leafy vegetable), low root yields, and poor cuttings for next crop. The picture on the left shows an infected cassava tuber dug from the field and sliced open. Ann. Control of the mealybug with natural enemies In the early 1970s, mealybug infestations suddenly devastated cassava (in French: ‘manioc’) in the Congo and what is today the Democratic Republic of Congo, around the … However, other tactics are being used against this and other cassava pests, including breeding of plant resistance, cultural control and the selective use of pesticides (Cock & Reyes 1985). Save time and let our verified experts help you. The results show the locally strong interference of ants with biological control of the cassava mealybug. International Institute For Tropical Agriculture surveyed the tropical areas Biological pest control is currently widely used in forestry, horticulture, and intensive glasshouse production of fruits and vegetables, but it has been successfully used on outdoor field crops in relatively few cases (e.g., control of cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti in Africa [28]). This successful biological control program of cassava mealybug in Africa is probably one of the best demonstrations of the potential of this tactic for IPM in short term crops. During feeding, the mealybug injects a toxin that causes leaf curling, slowing of shoot growth, and eventual leaf withering. Southeast Asia, but NOT yet in Oceania. Food is vital for humans to survive, the population of the world is immense as it approaches 6 billion and all these humans need to be fed on a continual. When the same wasp was used to control mealybugs in West Africa in the early 1980s, it promptly suppressed the pest population levels from more than 100 individuals on each cassava … CIAT, Cali, Colombia. 1985. (Lema & Herren 1985, Kogan et al. |Document ID: |Standard Operating Procedures’ Title: |Print Date: | |ORIGIN-CA2 |CASSAVA PROCESSING |08/07/2012 | |Revision: |Written By: |Date Prepared: | |01 |Ayodele E. J. In:  J. H. Cock & J. Extremely important in Africa until effective biocontrol. Cassava mealybug Appearance: The cassava mealybug, Phena-coccus manihoti is commonly found at cassava shoot tips, on the under surfaces of leaves (Figure 4), and on stems. (Lema & Herren 1985, Kogan et al. CHAPTER 1 35-39. Academic Press, San Diego, New York. In:  J. H. Cock & J. An account of cassava Phenacoccus manihoti This was called the gene gun and it was able to transform early transgenic crops. lopezi across the infested area. spp., were estimated at $2.0 billion per year, and the pests affected an area According to the FAO , a serious outbreak of mealybug in Thailand in 2009 was overcome rapidly by the release of 3 million pairs of Anagyrus. Mealybugs of the genus Phenacoccus have been recorded in association with cassava Biological Pest Control Case Study – the cassava mealybug Inst. He was looking into crop improvement and saw the power of genetic selection and how there was limited changed possible using just selective breeding. Pseudococcidae). By 1993, the mealybugs had been brought under control, with the wasps reaching an ecological equilibrium with the destructive pests. of central and northern South America and found that the parasitoids Aenasius vexans Kerrich, Apoanagyrus A. Reyes (eds. Ecologists and environmental economists have stressed the value of nature's services to agricultural production and the maintenance of a viable environment (Westman, Fisher and Ellis). This is the effect the cassava mealybug has on the plant resulting in a huge loss of crop due to infested plant crop. The spread of E. lopezi 1987. be harvested 7 to 18 months after planting. 48 Vitosha Boulevard, ground floor, 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria Bulgarian reg. This is the case of the cassava mealybug; feeding of this mealybug on cassava plants causes stunting, leaf distortion, shortening of the internodes and loss, dieback and weakening of stems used for crop propagation. The Centre investigated biological control for cassava pests; two South American natural enemies Apoanagyrus lopezi (a parasitoid wasp) and Typhlodromalus aripo (a predatory mite) were found to effectively control the cassava mealybug and the cassava green mite, respectively. mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) with description of a new species. Several soap or oil sprays will be needed to bring the mealybugs under control. the local cassava land race and the existing natural enemies. (2017, Aug 31). A serious outbreak of mealybug in Thailand in 2009 was overcome rapidly by the release of 3 million pairs of A. lopezi across the infested area. that various guilds have incorporated the immigrant in their host or prey Epizootiology of the entomophthoraceous Cassava: Research, Production and Utilization. 1981. The cassava-mealybug-E. lopezi epi- They eventually found that a tiny wasp (smaller than the head of a pin) called the Leptomastix, which laid its eggs on the mealybug was keeping the mealy bugs under control therefore protecting the cassava plant. However, it can be parasitized by two wasps, Acerophagus coccois and Aenasius vexans which act out a ritual to recognize and select the individuals they are going to parasitize. The estimated losses caused by this species and another explosive pesticides (Cock & Reyes 1985). The economics of the project were evaluated based on data from field trials, socio-economic surveys, published results, … Although a perennial shrub reproducing vegetatively, cassava roots may 924 Biological control of cassava mealybug where 8 is the food supply: demand ratio of the P,manihoti population, 0 General INDEX [ Navigate to MAIN MENU ], Phenacoccus Mat.-Ferr! 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