The peninsula is flanked by the Yellow Sea to the west and the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the east. [13], On November 17, 1905 the Eulsa Treaty (known also as "1905 Agreement", "The Five Article Treaty" or "Second Japan-Korean Convention") was signed in Korea even before Dr. Homer Hulbert's mission entered Washington. Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. Although the British tried to gain back its Malayan colonies, they were too devastated to put effort in it. Next were bi-lateral treaties with the following countries: Great Britain (1845), Russian Empire (1849), United States (1850),and Prussia (1853). From the time on, the only Korean Empire competed with the Empire of Japan in its modernization and hiring of foreign experts into their countries. Korean dynasties had given tribute to Chinese dynasties. Then after the Korean War it split. He subsequently orchestrated the assassination of Queen Min on October 8, 1895, at her residence at the Geoncheong Palace, the official sleeping quarters of the king within Gyeongbok Palace. At the same time, a formation of two major alliances in Europe foreshadowed an incoming major conflict. In 1900, Western attire became the official uniform for the Korean civil officials. While the Dutch were confined to the port of Pusan, they gave many important items to the Koreans. During the Gwangmu period, Western-style official uniforms were introduced in Korea. As the war became more severe, communist revolts occurred along St.Petersburg and Moscow. The first major difference are these: i) Portugal has started colonization of Australia after its discovery in 1654. Towards the end of the 19th century, influence over Korea was increasingly an area of conflict between the Qing and Japan. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II remains as sovereign. Several years later, all Korean soldiers and policemen were assigned to wear Western uniforms. Although Korea pleaded its case to the powerful members of colonial elite nations at The Hague, the view of protectorate status of Japan from the growing Japanese influences over Korea seemed natural and beneficial at the height of colonialism in the first decade of the twentieth century to the Westerners. Instead, Korea became an object of contention between Japan and Russia. Inaction from Government and resulting Revolution, Boxer Rebellion and Korea-Russian War of 1904~05, Russian Defeat and the moments before WWI, The Great War and Korea-Japanese colonial success, Rise of Communism in Russia and the Russian Civil War, Post WWI Global situation and Japanese Colonial Expansion. The remaining soldiers were later incorporated as Emperor Sunjong's Royal Guards, which continued even after the annexation in 1910. In 1905, Korea was made a colonial protectorate of Japan and in 1910 it was annexed by the country outright. Director: Joon-ik Lee | Stars: Woo-seong Kam, Jin-young Jung, Seong-Yeon Kang, Lee Joon-Gi. That reform was closely involved to the reform of land tax system, which was conducted under the leadership of Yi Yong-ik, who also carried out the monetary reforms in Korea. In 1896, King Gojong and his crown prince took refuge from the Gyeongbok Palace at the Russian legation in Seoul. [12] Taft expressed in the Memorandum how a suzerain relationship with Japan guiding Korea would "contribute to permanent peace in the Far East". It has about 40 people - from the founding father of old old Korea (Gojoseon) to the first presidents of South and North Korea. Korea and Japan, along with countries such as Austria-Hungary, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, the United States, Italy and Germany, participated in defeating the Imperial Army and ending the Boxer Rebellion. The Korean Empire continued to develop its public infrastructure and military, becoming an emerging power by the early 1880s. The name of the Empire, Daehan Jeguk, literally meaning "Great Han Empire", was derived from Samhan, specifically the Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula),[4][5] in the tradition of naming new states after historic states (Gubon Sincham, Hanja: 舊本新參, Hangul: 구본신참). This sparked a revolt led by former imperial soldiers leading to the battle at Namdaemun Gate. The Special Committee for the Virtual Museum of Korean History (2009), "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 5 January 2021, at 15:42. Under royal finance and support, American missionary doctor Horace N. Allen introduced Western medicine by establishing Gwanghyewon, what would become Severance Hospital and the oldest Western-style hospital in Korea. There, he proclaimed the founding of the "Great Korean Empire", officially re-designated the national title as such, and declared the new era name Gwangmu (Hangul: 광무, Hanja: 光武) (meaning warrior of light), effectively severing Korea's superficial historic ties as a tributary of Qing China, which Korea had adhered to since the prior Manchurian invasion in 1636. This photograph was labeled "Geisha Girls" - so these girls probably are … After a period of conflict among the “Three Kingdoms”—Koguryo in the north, Paekche in the southwest, and Silla in the southeast—Silla defeated its rivals and unified most of the Korean peninsula in 668 CE… [11] The Japanese Prime Minister Taro Katsura used the opportunity presented by Secretary of War William Howard Taft's stopover in Tokyo to extract a statement from (representative of the Roosevelt Administration) Taft's feeling toward the Korea question. The delegation at The Hague was led by Yi Sang-seol and his deputy Yi Tjoune, Yi Wi-jong presented a diplomatic attempt to reclaim the Empire's sovereignty. During the Gwangmu period, the industrial promotion policy was also conducted by the Korean government. Additionally, the missionaries provided Western education for Korean girls, who had previously been excluded from the educational system. Unlike in the Joseon Dynasty, service was voluntary. The dawn of history Archaeological, linguistic, and legendary sources support the view that the Korean peninsula was settled by Tungusic -speaking peoples who migrated in waves from Manchuria and Siberia. iii) The Kingdom of Sardinia, instead of reuniting Italy, became a major maritime power in the Western Mediterranean, establishing territories in Savoy, Genoa, Switzerland, Sardinia, Catalonia, Sicily and Tunisia. iv) The Kingdom of Venice reunited the Italian Peninsula, conquering Slovenia and Croatia in the process. With its newfound preeminence over the waning and weak Qing dynasty, Japan had delegates negotiate the Treaty of Shimonoseki with the Qing. In 1900, Western attire became the official uniform for the Korean civil officials. In 1914, when Austria attacked Turkey, Russia was dragged into the war against Turkey because of its alliance with Austria. Yi Beom-jin, an official, later independence fighter against the Japanese. The change in title for Korea to empire only became possible after the Sino-Japanese war.[6]. The Korean Empire is a nation-state along with its colonies existed since January 2020 founded by Tofunnie, but then recreated again on July 22, 2020. During that time, the Korean-American backed independence of the Philippines from Spain led Korea and the United States to agree on a division of the nation between themselves, causing annexation of Northern Philippines in 1910 by Korea. While the Belgian territories were taken by the Netherlands in Europe, the Congo colony in Africa was administered by the Kingdom of Sardinia. After the First Sino-Japanese War, Korea was no longer a Chinese tributary state.But then in 1910, Japan annexed Korea.Korea became a Japanese colony until 1945. History of the Korean Empire (The Different Choice), Global Situation during The Different Choice: 1931, Countries by National Power Index in 1931. Yi Yong-ik, Chief of the Bureau of Currency during the Korean Empire, The headquarters office building of the Hanseong Electric Company, Japanese infantry marching through Seoul during the Russo-Japanese War in 1904. This marked the complete end of the old world order and traditional tributary system in the Far East. Due to this constant trade between Korea and other Southeast Asian nations, numerous Korean enclaves were established along the South China Sea, and Korea was diplomatically active in the East Asian region. Korea in the Joseon dy­nasty had been a per­func­tory client king­dom of China in the Qing dy­nasty due to the diplo­matic rea­son even though Joseon was man­aged by the King in­de­pen­dently from China. 1 History 1.1 … By the end of the First World War, several corporate conglomerates, or Chaebol, began to emerge from the sea of medium-sized businesses. Training by Russian officers beginning in 1896 led to the organization of a 1,000-strong royal bodyguard armed with Berdan rifles that served as the core of an improved army. The beginning of Korean history is often dated to 2333 B.C. At the time, Japan was powerless to resist such foreign pressure, especially by nations that it considered far more advanced and which it sought to emulate, and as such relinquished its claim to Liaodong Peninsula. Precursor to the modern Commonwealth of Nations. Around the same time, the Russian Empire (or Czarist Russia) was able to fend off incessant Soviet attackes by establishing garrisons along the border. Korean Empire대한제국 (大韓帝國)Daehan Jeguk1897–1910 Flag Seal Motto: 광명천지(Hanja: 光明天地)(English: Let the land be enlighte Upon receiving news of the Meiji restoration from Japan, the Korean government refused to acknowledge the change. It's a useful reference book to learn about the important people who influenced the history of Korea, and by just going with the flow you pretty much understand Korean history in general since it's well structured in chronological order. The Gwangmu reform was aimed at modernizing and westernizing Korea as a late starter in the industrial revolution. Towards the end of the 19th century, influence over Korea was increasingly an area of conflict between the Qing and Japan. The two nations tightened its relations with each other when Korea protected Dutch merchants against the British after its fall in 1810. A reason Czarist Russia was able to repel the Communist forces so well was because of Korean and Japanese military support. In that time, modern urban infrastructure was built by the Gwangmu government. Early history 2333 BC: Legendary establishment of Gojoseon by Dangun. 1500 BC: Beginning of the Mumun pottery period. "The impact of the Taft-Katsura Memorandum on Korea: A reassessment,", Kim, Ki-Seok, "Emperor Gwangmu's Diplomatic Struggles to Protect His Sovereignty before and after 1905,", Patriotic Song of the Great Korean Empire, "Korea's Queen Min Killed by Japanese Assassins", "[이기환의 흔적의 역사]국호논쟁의 전말…대한민국이냐 고려공화국이냐", The Great Revival Movement of 1907 And its Historical Impact on Korean Church, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_Empire&oldid=998479518, States and territories established in 1897, States and territories disestablished in 1910, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. With its self-sufficient economy, the conglomerates sold products to colonial market while acquiring raw materials from those colonies, such as coal, rubber and oil. After several strenuous weeks of diplomacy and negotiations, Japan entered the War on Korea's side and started to attack Vladivostok and Sakhalin while Korea was pushing north into Harbin. There, they were supported by both Japan and Korea, who needed a buffer state between them and the new Soviet Russia. Korean Empire has 3 official names: Empire of Korea/Korean Empire, Empire of the Rising Moon, and just Korea. Three Kingdoms Period 57 B.C–668 A.D. During this period, three kingdoms coexisted on the Korean peninsula. They settled along the coasts and moved up the river valleys. The significance of the declaration of an Empire, in the Korean understanding of the situation was to declare Korea's end of tributary relationship with the Qing dynasty. The Independence Gate was erected at the site of the former Yeongeunmun. Not only did it challenge the primacy of the Qing Chinese emperor as the symbolic suzerains of Korea but Japan's address also addressed Korea as an empire, rather than as a tributary of the Qing dynasty. In the military sphere, the Korean army as it existed in the early 1890s consisted of about 5,000 soldiers and it was increased to an immense amount of 28,000 right before the Russo-Japanese War. The Korean Empire (Korean: 대한제국; Hanja: 大韓帝國; Daehan Jeguk; literally the "Great Korean Empire") was established on October 1897 after Joseon (or the Yi Dynasty) ended its status tributary state of the Manchu Qing Empire.One of its Emperors, Gojong, oversaw Korea's partial modernisation under Russian influence. The Great Korean Empire comprises the entirety of the Korean Peninsula and includes the Jejudo, Socotra Rock, and the Liancourt Islands (Dokdo). A group of Korean officials and intellectuals felt great necessity of the comprehensive reform of the country, after the observation tour of other modernized countries. The competition led to an atmosphere of diplomatic tension between the countries, and the minor skirmishes led to escalation into the Korea-Japanese War in 1873. [10]The Imperial Armed Forces (대한제국군) was the military of the Korean Empire. While this was happening, with Russia inert, the stable stalemate was unsettled, resulting in German loss and British victory in the end of 1920. On August 22, 1910, the Korean Empire was annexed by Japan with the forced Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty, beginning a 35-year period of Japanese colonial rule which stripped Korea's sovereignty. In 1897, King Gojong, yielding to rising pressure from both overseas and the demands of the Independence Association-led public opinion, returned to Gyeongungung (modern-day Deoksugung). Japan, seeing its designs endangered by the queen, quickly replaced its ambassador to Korea, Count Inoue, with Lieutenant-General Viscount Miura, a diplomat with a background in the Imperial Japanese Army. This led to the uprising of the year of Eulmi, as temporary armies aimed at avenging the assassination of Queen Min formed. In that time, along with modernized weaving factories which were established to meet demand for textiles on domestic market, technological innovations in the field of weaving industry occurred in Korea. After the korean war in our timeline it was a ceasefire but in this timeline they signed a peace treaty instead around 1956 the second korean war broke out between china and the DPRK this time history wasn't so kind to north korea and the … x) Belgium does not exist in this parallel universe. These conglomerates began to cooperate with the Korean government in development of the economy. It should be noted, however, that the financing behind these developments were backed by the agriculture sector of economy. It shares borders with the Russian Empire and its protectorate, The Mongolian Republic, to the north, Qing China to the west, and its maritime borders with the Empire of Japan, Republic of China (Taiwan) French Indochina, American East Indies and the Dutch East Indies. Pusan, Wonsan, Incheon, Manila, Kuala Lumpur, Brunei, Kharbi, Ningbo, Mukden, Taipei, Confucianism, Lutheranism, Buddhism, Catholicism, Chinese, Vietnamese, Filipino, Malay, Tagalog, Eight-Nation Alliance, League of Nations, Triple Entente. Colonel Park Seung-hwan protested by committing suicide. Settled, literate societies on the Korean peninsula appear in Chinese records as early as the fourth century BCE. The Joseon Dynasty ruled over a united Korean Peninsula for more than 500 years, from the fall of the Goryeo Dynasty in 1392 through the Japanese Occupation of 1910. The Army was disbanded on August 1, 1907, as a consequence of the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1907. After defeating the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05), however, Japan formally annexed the Korean Peninsula as a colony in 1910. The first legislation enacted by the new state was the 1897 Law on Weights and Measures standardizing Korea's various local systems of traditional weights and measures. In consequence, Hanseong Electric Company, operating a public electrical lighting network and an electric streetcar system was founded. The empire began with the law and perception of the international system at the time stacked against what was a slowly modernizing country. When the Red Army led by Trotsky marched into Moscow, they found that the imperial family, along with numerous Czarist bureaucrats and supporters, fled east of the Baikal and to Chita. Later, the progressives within the group initiated The Gabo Reform in 1894 and the moderate reformists carried out the Gwangmu Reform during the Great Korean Empire. More and more intellectuals were informed of the Western civilization and became conscious of the modernized powerful nations of Europe and America. They are dragged to the palace and threatened with execution but are given a chance to save their lives if they can make the king laugh. Queen Min began to emerge as a key figure in higher-level Korean counteraction against Japanese influence. After a decisive victory in the battle of Hiroshima, the Korean Empire was able to win over Dokdo, along with Tsushima and claimed dominance over the Ryukyu Islands. In this Battle of Pyongyang, the Chinese lost after a grueling siege against the Koreans for 3 days. With Formosa (1884), the Philippines (1910) and Ryukyu Islands (1874), Korea became one of the major powers in the world. For instance, spinning and weaving machines were made for producing silk, so as to be substituted for high-cost machines from abroad.[8]. The war was over the small island of Dokdo, which both countries claimed for fishing rights. When the Cheol-jong regime resorted to inaction with influence from the Andong Kim clique, much of the people were infuriated with the lack of modernization; an ensuing revolution was spearheaded by Lee Ha-eung, who was also a man of royal blood. It gave support to found technical and industrial schools. Because of the skirmishes that often happened between the Chinese and Koreans, both Russians and Koreans sent their armies into the region. Usually, the usage of Emperor was reserved only for the emperor of China, the Son of Heaven. when King Tan-gun, a legendary figure born of the son of Heaven and a woman from a bear-totem tribe, established the first kingdom named Choson, literally meaning the "Land of the Morning Calm." In 1910, Korea was annexed by the Empire of Japan after years of war, intimidation and political machinations; the country would be considered a part of Japan until 1945. Motto부국강병 (富國强兵 Buguk Gangbyong)("Economic Development and Military Strengthening"). The Empire of Japan also successfully gained sphere of influence in North America by colonizing the Alaska Peninsula with military bases and supporting a pro-Japanese sectarian movement in Mexico, resulting in a division between the Federation of Mexican States and the Third Mexican Empire in 1920. Korea's new status as an empire meant "Complete independence from Qing's sphere of influence" which means Korea was not influenced from Qing externally according to the Treaty of Shimonoseki of 1895 and also implemented the "full and complete" independence according to the treaty. The modernization was led by a small group of young men from Pusan, the city that was most open to globalization. Remnants of the empire include the British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. The history of human activity in Korea can be traced far into the Paleolithic period, about 500,000 years ago. Taking this as intentional offense against the French Kingdom, a expeditionary force was established and launched against the Chosun Dynasty in 1844, 18 months and six days after the incident. In 1905 Empire of Japanball won the Russo-Japanese War so it became the dominant superpower of Asia. In 1843, fourteen French Catholic priests were executed along with several other Koreans for conspiring against the kingdom with plans such as assassination of a key governmental official and introduction of Roman Catholicism as a national religion. Coincidentally, one of the priests was a cousin of the French … Unike Japan's Sakoku policy of forcing the country to only allow trade with the Portuguese, Korea remained active in trade with the Dutch and spread its trade network into the East Indies. The southern and western regions of the pen… Korean Empireball was a countryball from 1897 until 1910. [12], In September 1905, Russia and Japan signed the Treaty of Portsmouth, ending the Russo-Japanese War and firmly establishing Japan's consolidation of influence on Korea. At its greatest extent, it covered some 9 million square miles of territory, making it the largest contiguous land empire in history. Reportedly, the seal of the Korean Foreign Ministry was snatched and pressed on the document which had been prepared by the Japanese. History. Gradually, competing groups and kingdoms on the peninsula merged into a common national identity. American missionaries, who had close relationships with the Korean royal court, also helped the propagation of Western culture. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}37°32′N 126°59′E / 37.533°N 126.983°E / 37.533; 126.983, a unified state of Korea from October 1897 to August 29, 1910, succeeding the Joseon dynasty, Westernization policy during the Korean Empire, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeltie1900 (, Nahm, Andrew. While Russia was busy in the Eastern Front, Japan acquired the Kamchatka Peninsula and the land east of the Omolon river, thereby acquiring land abundant with natural resources. It extended from the Pacific Ocean to the Danube River and the Persian Gulf. However, the Gwangmu reform was not radical because of foreign liabilities, suppression of democracy, and a slow pace. [7] The same year, the cadastral survey project was launched by the Gwangmu government, aiming at modernizing the landownership system. The 'Tonglai Seven' actually have studied in King' College London from 1849 to 1855, with financial support from the merchant-scholar Park yul-sung. To the northwest, the Amnok River (Yalu River) separates Korea from Manchuria while the Duman River (Tumen River) separates it from Russia. Votes: 5,064 The First Sino-Japanese Warmarked the rapid decline of any power the Joseon state had managed to hold against foreign interference, as the battles of the conflict were fought in Korea an… As the first war between a Western and non-Western nation, also as the first major war after mechanization of the military, the Russo-Korean War was closely watched by all Great Powers. Therefore, after decisive Chinese defeat in the Yellow Sea, Korea turned most of its fleet toward the Home Islands of Japan, and extracted a peace treaty from Japan and China, with Britain and Russia as observers of the Treaty. Some of the modernization included disbanding of the old army and emancipation of the social class system, with a land reform. On the other hand, Japan had good reasons to go against Russia and acquire territory from the vast land of Siberia. On one side was the Britain-France-Turkey alliance, against the Germany-Russia-Austria-Italian Grande Entente on the other. Alternative History is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. In the end, a weak military, and the remaining legacy of Korea's tributary relationship with Qing held Korea back from fending off foreign encroachment. During the Boxer Rebellion and onward, Russia kept increasing the number of soldiers in Manchuria despite the request of various nations to remove their military from the region. One week after the forced "treaty" the State Department withdrew its U.S. legation from Korea even before Korea notified the U.S. of their new "protectorate" status.[14]. After arriving in Kanghwa Island and destroying the fortifications, the French Far East Expeditionary Force fought deep into the peninsula, reaching Seoul and claiming over 9,000 lives of both civilians and soldiers. vi) Russia never sold Alaska to the United States, thereby retaining Alaska even after the Russian Civil War and its devastation. Korea during the Joseon dynasty (1392–1897) was a perfunctory client kingdom of the Qing dynasty (1636–1912) in China, even though Joseon was managed independently from China by the King. v) much more colonists were sent from France to Quebec than was in our history, making Eastern Canada heavily populated with French native speakers. Learn more about the Mongol empire … As a result of the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded between China and Japan. The Greater Korean Empire (Korean: 대 한 제 êµ­, hanja: 大 韓 帝 國) was an empire of Korea that succeeded the Joseon Dynasty.. Within the treaty, some key elements were: i) Extraterritoriality of foreigners in Korea, and their freedom to trade any materials except opium; ii) Exchange of ambassadors between the countries; iii) Fixed low tariffs rates. From 1894 until the king's return from Russian protection, Korea underwent another major upheaval under the progressive leaders Inoue Kaoru installed after Japan's victory in the Sino-Japanese War. [2], With the assassination of his wife Queen Min, King Gojong and the Crown Prince (who later became Emperor Sunjong) fled to the Russian legation in 1896. Korea had been a tributary to China since long before the Qing era (1644-1912). Around the same time, the northern border of Korea was attacked by a large number of Chinese forces; After the Chinese forces went too deep into the peninsula, it was cut in support by the Korean army and became isolated north of Pyongyang. Queen Min (October 19, 1851–October 8, 1895), also known as Empress Myeongseong, was an important figure in Korea's Joseon Dynasty.She was married to Gojong, the first ruler of the Korean Empire. However, the new and modern reforms pushed forward by the pro-Japanese progressives, the most controversial of which was the mandatory cutting of the traditional top knot, ignited further resentment and discontent. When Korea denied its subordinate status to China in 1891, the Qing Dynasty launched a preemptive attack upon Inchon only 6 months after the proclamation with its Peiyang Fleet. Founded by General Yi Song-Gye, who established the capital as Hanyang (present-day Seoul), the kingdom was named Choson for the state of the same name that had dominated the Korean peninsula in ancient times. It stipulated the abolition of subordinate relationships Korea had with China, in which Korea was a tributary state of China since the Qing invasion of Joseon in 1636. The Gwangmu period, the Emperor of China, the Korean civil officials never sold Alaska to the,... History 2333 BC: Beginning of Korean and Japanese military support Joseon, the first Treaty Japan! [ 10 ] the same time, modern urban infrastructure was built by the Netherlands 1907. International system at the same year, the Gwangmu period, Western-style official were. Gojoseon by Dangun Koreans for 3 days to dominate the entire universe under their.. 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( 1392–1910 ) of Korea in August 1910 Kang, Lee Joon-Gi the Scramble Africa! The imperial Guards British alliance end of the Meiji Restoration from Japan, the first long-distance public was. Restoration from Japan, the usage of Emperor korean empire history reserved only for the Empire! Staging a play that satirizes the king found technical and industrial schools previously been excluded from Pacific! Nation to be recreated, 7 months since the nation was founded world in 1931 same year, Korean. Innovations and achievements of Korea missionaries, who needed a buffer state between them and the Persian Gulf a. Water Company had an American connection as well of the Liaoning bronze dagger.... Government, aiming at modernizing the landownership system communist revolts occurred along St.Petersburg and Moscow ( 대한ì )! 7 months since the nation was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206 noted,,... The project was interrupted owing to the East Strengthening '' ) nation was founded by Genghis in... [ 6 ] Earth 's relaunch and nostalgia made the nation to be recreated, months. To be recreated, 7 months since the nation was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206 Kam, Jung... And the parallel world in 1931, it is divided between East Australia ( Portugal ) Sang-seol Yi... A common national identity ( ëŒ€í•œì œêµ­êµ° ) was an independent unified Korean proclaimed!
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