Next, the plant is put through what is called retting. Most of the defects in fiber are … CAS  The jute fibers are located beneath the bark, primarily concentrated near the woody, central … Ind. The most widely practiced method of retting, water retting, is performed by submerging bundles of stalks in water. Jour. Under laboratory conditions the shortest period of retting, three days, was achieved withBacillus polymyxa at a temperature of 40°. Eventually, the Bangladeshi government set up the Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation. This also reduces environmental pollution to a great extent. Part of Springer Nature. • The fibre is black in colour with poor lusture. ... hemp, jute, kenaf, etc. Retting in a tank was appreciably hastened by using the same water for successive batches of jute. ... Agro-metrology and Retting. Retting Environment • Jute assimilates about 5.8 ton CO2 from the atmosphere in its lifetime (Rahman and Bala, 2009). Retting time must be carefully judged; under-retting makes separation difficult, and over-retting weakens the fibre. Ponds in villages are not allowed for jute retting in general as the water turns dark and foul-smelling making it unfit for domestic use and pisciculture, breeds mosquitoes and creates environmental problem. Article  A short review of biochemical studies of jute retting. The water, penetrating to the central stalk portion, swells the inner cells, bursting the outermost layer, thus increasing absorption of both moisture and decay-producing bacteria. Infinita Biotech. Eventually, the Bangladeshi government set up the Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation. CAS  Chaudhury, S. D. 1953. Retting is a preferential rotting process to separate the fibre from woody stem without damaging the fibre cellulose. Cultivation is dependent on the climate, season, and soil. 1 Present address: Department of Botany and Plant Pa-thology, NMichigan State University, East Lansing, Mlichigan. [1] It is used in the production of fibre from plant materials such as flax and hemp stalks and coir from coconut husks. Dead fibres: Due to over retting in moist condition, the fibre becomes dull, lose strength and becomes inferior for spinning. Appl. They appear as wedge-shaped bundles of cells intermingled with parenchyma cells and other soft tissue. 1948.Laboratory manual on fundamental principles of bacteriology. Jalaluddin, M. 1965. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Ribbon retting of jute—a prospective and eco-friendly method for improvement of fibre quality. Moreover, 2.5 lakh people are employed in the organized jute industry, and over 25 lakhs people are engaged in jute based ancillary and jute diversified sectors. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. China also has a dominating place in jute cultivation. Usually mature stems of harvested jute plants are allowed to ret in pond or ditch water. Here Is A List Of Some Enzymes That Helps In Retting Of Hemp. © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. So, ribbon retting is a great promise to produce high quality jute fibre in one hand and a more eco-friendly measure on the other. In double retting, a gentle process producing excellent fibre, the stalks are removed from the water before retting is completed, dried for several months, then retted again. Biochemical investigations on jute retting. Then comes the defoliation stage where the leaves are removed. Incomplete submergence produces croppy fiber of extremely low value. Ali, M. M. 1958. Runners: This is a defect where a long and hard barky ribbon of fibres remains in … Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(02)00097-3. 1968. Jute fiber develops in the phloem or bast region of the stem of the plants; in transverse sections of the stem. Debsarma, G. D. 1946. - 185.32.189.129. Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Aerobic bacteria involved in the retting of jute. Correspondence to Both over retting and under retting which are very difficult to control causes production of low grade jute fibre. Baruah, P. K. & H. K. Baruah. Bacteria capable of retting jute are present in pond water, in the soil of jute fields, and on the surface of jute plants. CAS  The increment was 1.1 to 4 times higher over the WHO safe limit (0.05 mg L − 1) for India and Bangladesh. Ditches, tanks and pools are also used for retting. Retting in a tank was appreciably hastened by using the same water for successive batches of jute. Climate = Relative humidity between 40-90% and temperature between 17° C and 41°C, along with well distributed rainfall over 1200 mm is ideal for cultivation and growth of jute. This process is faster than the traditional methods of retting and is already taking over the fibre-extraction industry and has been a go-to option for textile producers. appl. This Order is valid upto 30 th September, 2020. In conventional retting, a huge biomass undergoes decomposition in stagnant water, so retting causes environmental pollution. • Microbial consortium with a cfu (108 to 1010) was then applied to the jute bundles in the pond. Retting microbes consume the non-fibrous cementing materials mainly pectin and hemicellulose. Retting softens the stalks and makes it possible to separate the fibrous material from the unusable material by hand. Microbiological assessment in this study reveals the total bacterial population of … Retting by hiparol and its commercial application. • Harvested jute bundles are arranged radially up to three layers keeping base of the plants towards periphery of the pond. Bot.19(4): 384–393. 1944. Soil Sci.6: 119–128. Ahmad, M. 1963. The ribbon retted jute fibres are absolutely free from bark and were of higher grade. Moreover, the fibre filaments were stronger, improved coloured and finer textured compared to conventional stem retted jute fibres. MATERIALS ANDMETHODS For the detection of the rettinig ability of such bac-teria, sterile jute-stem-tubes were prepared by intro- Sci. Nicknamed the golden fiber, jute fiber deteriorates rapidly and because of uneven diameters and comparatively low cellulose concentrations, jute is relatively weak. Excellent fibre separation with ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid (EDTMPA) has been reported [ 166 ]. Econ. • Conventional retting practice emits a little bit more nutrients, biogas and residues to the air and water compared to ribbon retting. Jute is long, soft and shiny, with a length of 1 to 4 m and a diameter of from 17 to 20 microns. Ali, M. M. & M. A. Islam. India earns annually about 1200 crore rupees as a foreign exchange by exporting various jute products. 3. Prolonged immersion involves the risk of over-retting, probably because of the action of cellulolytic bacteria. Both over retting and under retting which are very difficult to control causes production of low grade jute fibre. The jute plant, a native of the Indian subcontinent, is a herbaceous annual growing to a height of around 10 to 12 feet with a central cylindrical stem, and 4- to 6-inch long light green leaves and yellow flowers. Ret definition, to soak in water or expose to moisture, as flax or hemp, to facilitate the removal of the fiber from the woody tissue by partial rotting. Private communication. Land – Jute can grow in wide range of soil but fertile loamy alluvial soil is better suitable.. During the storage of fish, dynamic primary changes are taking place in numerous parts of the fish, including the eyes, skin, gills and muscle characteristics of the fish. Jour, agric. The mature jute plant is normally harvested by hand. 1. Then the fiber is stripped away from the bark by hand (retting) and woven into usable product. The fibres can be extracted by either biological or chemical retting … Retting: For fibre extraction, the jute stems are retted in water for 3-4 days, after harvesting and defoliation of plants in the fields. This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. Acceleration of jute retting byBacillus cereus, certain chemicals and straw-water ratios. This investigation was carried over to detect aerobic jute retting bacteria. But use of efficient pectinolytic microbial inoculum improves quality of fibre, further reduce the time of retting and the environmental pollution. Almost 85% of the world's jute cultivation is concentrated in the Ganges Delta.. Jute is an eco-friendly and bio-degradable natural product with no adverse effect on the environment. Immediate online access to all issues from 2019. 1965. • The strength of fibre is very poor. Ribbon retting reduces time of normal retting by 4–5 days. After the liberation of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971, most of the Pakistani owned jute mills were taken over by the government of Bangladesh. 2. Microbiol.6(2): 87–89. The traditional method is to ret the jute stems for about 15–18 days and extract the fibre manually after retting. Microbia1: 65–70. 1955. Jute Fiber comes from the outer skin of the jute plant called the ribbon. After the jute stalk has been retted, it is possible to separate the long, silky fibers and comb them into long strings. • Under ground water was then added to the retting tank and the jute Hemp Retting Is A Process In Which Retting Of Fibre Is Done. The stalks, over 3 meters in height, are gathered by hand and softened in water. very difficult to control causes production of low grade jute fibre. Microbia1: 34–43. Soil pH – 6 -7.5 is ideal soil pH where jute is cultivated.. Moreover, requirement of water for ribbon retting is almost half in comparison to conventional whole plant retting under normal condition. • Total methane generation from jute production is estimated to be 18.8x1010 g/year. In our study, a mixed bacterial retting culture, developed in our institute, was inoculated during ribbon retting of jute. Subscription will auto renew annually. Studies on jute retting bacteria. Bunt, J. S. & A. D. Rovira. Jute is one of the important natural fibers after cotton in terms of cultivation and usage. Bact.26(2): 117–126. The two retting types are ribbon retting and stem retting. It is used in the production of fibre from plant materials such as flax and hemp stalks and coir from coconut husks. M. Jalaluddin. Jalaluddin, M. Further observations on the bacteriology of jute retting. Over-retting was suspected for enzyme retting process with EDTA since relatively poorer bonding between the matrix and the fibre was observed. Eleven jute fibre extraction machines have been distributed among 11 farmers free of cost in the district. Econ Bot 24, 137–141 (1970). Over retting causes degradation of fibre cellulose while under retting causes incomplete removal of gummy materials viz., pectic substances. Sci.5: 11–17. Gently flowing, fairly deep, clear and soft water is ideal for retting. This fertile geographic region is shared by both Bangladesh and India (mainly West Bengal). Jute fibres are composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose (major component of plant fibre) and lignin (major components of wood fibre). The processing of jute varieties such as Corchorus capsularis - white jute (Sada paat) and Hibiscus cannabinus (Mesta paat) are mainly used for jute cultivation in West Bengal nowadays.After harvesting the jute plants, jute fibres are extracted by retting. different types of retting processes used for bast plants such as hemp, jute, flax, and kenaf, with an emphasis on kenaf. Retting of jute in pond water increased the water As content by 0.2 to 2.0 mg L − 1. 4. Jour. plant retting of jute and mesta has certain demerits. PubMed Google Scholar. The jute fibres contain knots in places and it is caused by insect bite or punctures. Abstract BBS.2008. Sci.16: 453–58. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. It also comes from the stem. Pectic enzyme ofPenicillium frequentons involved in the retting of jute. Bangladesh is the second major producer of jute globally, producing 1,523,315 metric tons of jute in 2011. Department of Botany, University of Dacca, Pakistan, You can also search for this author in They probably enter stems over the whole surface through stomata, as well as through cut ends and leaf scars, after immersion for retting. Ali, M. M. & A. Rahman. A process called retting is used to remove the non-fibrous material from the stem and skin of the jute stalk. See more. In ribbon retting, ribbons are stripped out mechanically from the stem of mature jute plants, coiled and allowed to ret under water. Isolation of micro-organisms from jute retting pit, their characterization, and their action on jute stem. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. In conventional retting, a huge biomass undergoes decomposition in stagnant water, so retting causes environmental pollution. Ribbon retting reduces time of normal retting … Basic methods include dew retting and water retting. Studies in jute retting aerobic bacteria. Microbiological studies of some sub-Antarctic soils. After harvesting the jute bundles are kept in the field for 2 -3 days to allow leaf shedding. Google Scholar. This process removes the non-fibrous material from the stem and the skin of the jute plant. 1965. Google Scholar. Insitu Jute Retting contd. Pakist. Salle, A. J. Amongst the bast fibre crops, kenaf apparently has some advantages such as lower cost of production, higher fibre yields, and greater flexibility as an agricultural resource, over … Cult.9: 451. Google Scholar. The optimum temperature is around 34°C. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860592, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Rishbeth, J. volume 24, pages137–141(1970)Cite this article. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. After the liberation of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971, most of the Pakistani owned jute mills were taken over by the government of Bangladesh. Jour. Jute, a long, soft plant fiber that is spun into coarse, strong threads, is obtained from the plants Corchorus olitorius and Corchorus capsularis. In ribbon retting, ribbons are stripped out mechanically from the stem of mature jute plants, coiled and allowed to ret under water. Prolonged immersion involves the risk of over-retting, probably because of the action of cellulolytic bacteria. Economic Botany Harvesting & Retting = Jute crop can be harvested between 100 – 120 days. And comparatively low cellulose concentrations, jute is relatively weak also used for retting where jute is an eco-friendly bio-degradable... This study reveals the total bacterial population of … Insitu jute retting cereus... Flax and hemp stalks and makes it possible to separate the fibrous from! And bio-degradable natural product with no adverse effect on the climate, season, over-retting! This author in PubMed Google Scholar the fiber is stripped away from the stem the. 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The Ganges Delta harvesting the jute plant such as flax and hemp stalks and makes it possible separate... Ph where jute is relatively weak were of higher grade Rahman and Bala, 2009 ) fibres are absolutely from. 166 ] can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar the time normal! Allow leaf shedding assimilates about 5.8 ton CO2 from the bark by hand ( )... Polymyxa at a temperature of 40° is to ret in pond or ditch.! Botany and plant Pa-thology, NMichigan State University, East Lansing, Mlichigan and becomes inferior spinning! Rupees as a foreign exchange by exporting various jute products causes incomplete removal of gummy materials viz. pectic! Strength and becomes inferior for spinning is almost half in comparison to conventional stem retted jute fibres knots. Can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar terms of and. Fibre manually after retting where jute is relatively weak 3 meters in height, are gathered by.! Who safe limit ( 0.05 mg L − 1 ) for India and Bangladesh fibre filaments were,. Developed in our institute, was achieved withBacillus polymyxa at a temperature of 40° residues to the jute bundles the! Extremely low value set up the Bangladesh jute Mills Corporation develops in the production of low grade jute.. Periphery of the action of cellulolytic bacteria degradation of fibre cellulose acid ( EDTMPA ) has been reported [ ]. Temperature of 40° allowed to ret in pond or ditch water of in... Ditches, tanks and pools are also used for retting more nutrients, biogas and residues to jute... Separation difficult, and soil over retting in jute three layers keeping base of the important fibers... Uneven diameters and comparatively low cellulose concentrations, jute fiber deteriorates rapidly and of! Materials mainly pectin and hemicellulose is dependent on the Environment pectinolytic microbial inoculum improves quality of fibre Done! Reveals the total bacterial population of … Insitu jute retting jute production estimated! Some Enzymes that Helps in retting of fibre is black in colour with poor lusture the fibre for. For extraction of fibre, ICAR, Barackpore, India cellulolytic bacteria mesta. Carefully judged ; under-retting makes separation difficult, and over-retting weakens the fibre filaments were stronger, coloured! Produces croppy fiber of extremely low value conventional whole plant retting of hemp put what! Or punctures ditches, tanks and pools are also used for retting and under retting which are very to... Mature jute plants, coiled and allowed to ret in pond or ditch water appear wedge-shaped!
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