"Chapter 13: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control". Rasmussen N (2011). Speed drug also known by the names; upper, phet, billy, whiz, sulph, base, dexedrine, or dexamphetamine is a white, odorless, bitter-tasting central nervous system stimulant, chemically related to amphetamine, but with greater central nervous system effect which begins within 20 minutes and lasts for 4-6 hours. ISBN 9780195030570. Withdrawal symptoms include paranoia, depression, dream potentiation, anxiety, itching, mood swings, irritability, fatigue, insomnia, an intense craving for more amphetamine or other stimulants. Treatment for amphetamine psychosis. [3] In the 1930s, it began to be marketed and sold over-the-counter under the name Benzedrine. Speedball (or powerball) is a mixture of cocaine (a stimulant) with heroin or morphine (an opioid) or sometimes benzodiazepine, taken intravenously or by nasal insufflation. [16] The euphoric and locomotor-stimulating effects of amphetamine are dependent upon the magnitude and speed by which it increases synaptic dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations in the striatum.[17]. Tolerance to many of the effects of amphetamine develops with prolonged and repeated use. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. Many people use it illegally, but it is occasionally used legally by prescription to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or obesity as "Desoxyn". 2. any of a group of drugs closely related to this substance and having similar actions, such as methamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin. Lower doses tend to increase focus and productivity while higher doses tend to increase sociability, sexual desire, and euphoria. Strictly speaking, a black beauty was a tablet of Biphetamine, manufactured by Strasenburgh Labs, then Pennwalt Corporation, and finally Fisons Corporation, before finally being pulled from the market in 1998. Some interactions listed have been sourced from TripSit. The concentrations of the main neurotransmitters involved in reward circuitry and executive functioning, dopamine and norepinephrine, increase dramatically in a dose-dependent manner by amphetamine because of its effects on monoamine transporters. Dangerous poisoning. It was then introduced i… [7] Galli, A., Poulsen, N.W., Sulzer, D., & Sonders, M.S. Speed, ulični je naziv za prilično Å¡irok spektar kemijske obitelji metamfetamina. [47] A review on treatment for amphetamine abuse-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely. Chemically, it is similar to methamphetamine. ISBN 9780071481274. Springer, Boston, MA. PMC 3666194 Freely accessible. Addiction to speed drug presents in a specific way, and this article’s information will discuss more on the signs, adverse effects, and how to treat an … [11][12] Central nervous system stimulants: historical aspects and clinical effects. In animal models that evaluate the neurotoxicity of AMPH and METH, it is quite clear that hyperthermia is one of the essential components necessary for the production of histological signs of dopamine terminal damage and neurodegeneration in cortex, striatum, thalamus and hippocampus." Benzedrine sulfate was introduced 3 years later and was used to treat a wide variety of medical conditions, including narcolepsy, obesity, low blood pressure, low libido, and chronic pain. [21] Consequently, dextroamphetamine produces greater CNS stimulation than levoamphetamine, roughly three to four times more, but levoamphetamine has slightly stronger cardiovascular and peripheral effects.[22][23]. Prog. The reinforcing and motivational salience-promoting ef… The drug is a stimulant: it can help people keep the focus and stay awake. p. 3. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Nausea 5. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009695.pub2. [42][43] [38], Melatonin has been shown to prevent (if used 30min+ before dosing) and reverse amphetamine induced neurotoxicity of TH-pSer40 and calpastatin levels in the Substantia Nigra of rats.[39][40]. Initially, amphetamine was more popularly used to reduce appetite and to control weight. Pharmacologic mechanisms of crystal meth. The reinforcing and motivational effects of amphetamine are mostly due to enhanced dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic pathway. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, and large pupils. ; Changing speed. Methamphetamine (contracted from N-methylamphetamine) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity. Amphetamine exerts its behavioural effects by increasing the signaling activity of neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine in the reward and executive function pathways of the brain. Crystal Meth, also known as crystal or meth. (1978). It was widely used to treat a wide range of ailments such as alcohol hangover, narcolepsy, depression, and weight reduction. "Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review". Many different names are used for amphetamines. Defalque RJ, Wright AJ (April 2011). Although many psychoactive substances are reasonably safe to use on their own, they can quickly become dangerous or even life-threatening when combined with other substances. Speed is amphetamine, a stimulating drug that triggers the brain’s reward system giving the user feelings of pleasure. Alles was part of a group of researchers looking for an ephedrine substitute. Ecstasy, also known as candy or MDMA. The exact bioavailability of amphetamine is not known, but it is believed to be over 75% by mouth, and higher by injection or intranasal administration[24][25]. This page was last changed on 19 April 2020, at 05:37. p. 78. Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), a literature based on anecdotal reports and the personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. Using speed can lead to health, social and financial problems. Many side effects associated with the drug are adverse effects that negatively impact users. Headaches 6. A version of the drug, created by "Jay", seemingly caused the loss of his powers, as well as his cellular degenerative disease. "Chemical and Physical Properties". WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. ISBN 9780071624428. This page was last modified on 6 December 2020, at 20:40. " Black beauty " was a drug street-name used in the '60s and '70s to refer to a pill of pharmaceutical amphetamine (aka speed). The drug is a stimulant: it can help people keep the focus and stay awake. "Miscellaneous Sympathomimetic Agonists". He called the compound "phenylisopropylamine". "Methamphetamine for Hitler's Germany: 1937 to 1945". In Sydor A, Brown RY. When an object changes speed, it gets faster or … 22 (250): 205–218. In late 1933, Smith, Kline and French began selling amphetamine in the form of a decongestant inhaler under the name Benz… It is purely a drug of abuse and has no medical function, unlike many others. [1][2] The class of drugs containing amphetamine includes prescription drugs commonly used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). PMID 22037049. (2008). Dosages from TripSit Factsheets In reality, "Jay" had in fact increased his speed, but at the cost o… [13], Amphetamine is still illegally synthesized and sold on the black market, primarily in European countries. However, its stimulant effects remained unknown until 1927, when it was independently re-synthesized by Gordon Alles and discovered to have sympathomimetic properties. The amphetamine speed is actually a “slang” name for the entire class of drugs known as amphetamines. ISBN 9783540686989. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, "Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Release in Human Ventral Striatum Correlates with Euphoria", https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amphetamine&oldid=6904981, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Internationally, amphetamine is a Schedule II controlled substance under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[51]. In the first place, it must be taken into account that the consumption of … 1. a white crystalline powder used as a central nervous system stimulant. (2013). It is removed excreted by the kidneys and only a small amount by hepatic enzymes. [14], Amphetamine, also known as alpha-methylphenethylamine, is a synthetic substance of the phenethylamine family. Het gebruik is geestelijk verslavend. Marihuana, also known as grass, ganja, weed or MJ. New York: Oxford University Press. Methamphetamine is classified as a Schedule II stimulant by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), which means it has a high potential for abuse and is available legally only by prescription. PMC 2478360  Freely accessible. PMC 4183197 Freely accessible. Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013). Likewise, adverse effects become much more likely with higher doses and may include serious injury or death. Dextroamphetamine is a more potent agonist of TAAR1 than levoamphetamine. The Emerging Role of Trace Amine Associated Receptor 1 in the Functional Regulation of Monoamine Transporters and Dopaminergic Activity (PubMed.gov / NCBI) |. Stimulant Misuse: Strategies to Manage a Growing Problem |, The problem of the abuse of amphetamines in Japan |, insufflated, injected, or administered rectally, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.04.003, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22329564, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2526380/, https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.188702001142, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1522-8649(11)50016-2, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3005101/, http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00182#targets, http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=364, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4992783/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5594082/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4843092/, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673607604644, http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+300-62-9, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00204-012-0815-5, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18596830, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5008711/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5562346/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29149481, http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+3287, http://web.archive.org/web/20070217053619/http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec07/ch108/ch108g.html, http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf, http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=374§ionid=41266218&jumpsectionID=41268855, http://www.acha.org/prof_dev/ADHD_docs/ADHD_PDprogram_Article2.pdf, "CONVENTION ON PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES 1971", http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-24.html#h-28, "Sechste Verordnung über die Unterstellung weiterer Stoffe unter die Bestimmungen des Opiumgesetzes", https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1957-01-01_3_page003.html, "Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien", http://narcotic.fda.moph.go.th/faq/upload/Thai%20Narcotic%20Act%202012.doc._37ef.pdf, http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2, http://www.fda.gov/regulatoryinformation/legislation/ucm148726.htm, https://psychonautwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Amphetamine&oldid=144763, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International, The visual effects of amphetamine are inconsistent and occur only mildly noticeable at higher doses. Methamphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free base, which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine … Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology. It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance. Methamphetamine has two isomers, "left-handed" and "right-handed". Bioorg. To find speed , = where is the distance and is the time that has gone by.. Units of measurement for speed. 10 Things You Should Know About Speed drug. Amphetamine presents cross-tolerance with all dopaminergic stimulants, meaning that after the consumption of amphetamine most stimulants will have a reduced effect. Amphetamine is a chiral compound. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.04.003. Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 by Lazar Edeleanu at the University of Berlin. All amphetamines, whether legal or illegal, activate chemical processes throughout the brain and body and so “speed up” most every bodily function. Neurobiol. When dependence has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if use is suddenly discontinued. "Benzedrine sulphate in clinical medicine; a survey of the literature". It is commonly snorted, inhaled as smoke, or dissolved and injected into a vein. Amphetamine may be habit-forming, and this medicine is a drug of abuse. Postgrad. Bull. Chemically, it is similar to methamphetamine. It is usually taken orally, but can also be insufflated, injected, or administered rectally. ISBN 9780071481274. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). It was one of a series of compounds related to the plant derivative Ephedrine, which had been purified two years previously by Nagayoshi Nagai. doi:10.1177/0269881113482532. Wells first started to develop a speed-enhancing drug after Zoom appeared on his Earth, and it was meant to aid "Jay Garrick" in his struggles against the super-villain Zoom. Med. The chemical structure of amphetamine consists of phenethylamine, a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain, with an additional methyl substitution at Rα. Goodman & Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). Amphetamine is considered to be the quintessential member of the stimulant class due to its extensively studied effects and long history of clinical use. Speed (droga) Izvor: Wikipedija. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy. Berlin; London: Springer. Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant most frequently used as a recreational drug. Branded amphetamine, like Adderall, knows similar yet better documented and thus more predictable doses. |, Pérez‐Mañá, C., Castells, X., Torrens, M., Capellà, D., & Farre, M. (2013). "VMAT2: a dynamic regulator of brain monoaminergic neuronal function interacting with drugs of abuse". Vermont Department of Health. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction reports the typical retail price of amphetamine in Europe varied between €3 and €15 ($4 to $21.55 USD) a gram in half of the reporting countries. 27 (6): 479–496. [9] Lewin AH, Miller GM, Gilmour B (December 2011). (2005). Speed’s effects cover more than just the intended, desirable high. They are somewhat comparable to. [37] Animal models of neurotoxicity from high-dose amphetamine exposure indicate that the occurrence of hyperpyrexia (i.e., core body temperature ≥ 40 °C) is necessary for the development of amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. [4] Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). See also drug abuse and drug dependence. Its absorption and excretion may be pH dependent. [41] No formal studies in humans have been carried out and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. Subjective effects include stimulation, focus enhancement, motivation enhancement, increased libido, appetite suppression, and euphoria. PubChem Compound. Severe amphetamine overdose can result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., paranoia, hallucinations, delusions). PMID 15955613. PMID 16492800. Amphetamine exerts its behavioral effects by altering the use of monoamines as neuronal signals in the brain, primarily in catecholamine neurons in the reward and executive function pathways of the brain. Hofmann FG (1983). Amphetamine. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) |, Update on Amphetamine Neurotoxicity and Its Relevance to the Treatment of ADHD |, Bowyer JF, Hanig JP (November 2014). Racemic amphetamine (dl-amphetamine) contains two optical isomers, or enantiomers: Adderall and many other formulations of mixed amphetamine salts contain the enantiomers in a 3:1 ratio of d to l. This is achieved by mixing one part racemic amphetamine and one part d-amphetamine. Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). [3] The name amphetamine is derived from its chemical name: alpha-methylphenethylamine. Sci. Ulična imena, joÅ¡ su meth i chalk. Retrieved 29 January 2012. Jg. Amphetamine has a high abuse potential and can cause dependence with chronic use. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. For example, an object's speed can be measured in miles per hour (mph),; kilometers per hour (km/h); meters per second (m/s), which is the SI-unit for speed. Synapse, 39 1, 32-41. doi: 10.1002/1098-2396(20010101)39:1<32::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-3. Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence. The hyperthermia and the hypertension produced by high doses amphetamines are a primary cause of transient breakdowns in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) resulting in concomitant regional neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in laboratory animals. It also decreases appetite and fatigue. Amphetamine was first synthesized in Germany in 1887 by the Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu, who named it phenylisopropylamine. The addictive potential of this substance is rather high as well. Eiden LE, Weihe E (January 2011). Bett WR (August 1946). J. Hist. [47] Psychosis very rarely arises from therapeutic use.[49][50]. 42 (2): 205–233. Mohan J, ed. Speed drug is an illicit substance that belongs to a group of stimulant drugs known as amphetamines. Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A (April 2005). Government of Vermont. [8], In late 1933, Smith, Kline and French began selling amphetamine in the form of a decongestant inhaler under the name Benzedrine. When prescription amphetamines are taken orally and in low doses, drug abuse and addiction is not a serious risk. Ann. Speed is a drug that targets your brain’s ‘reward system’ to produce a positive sensation that can become addictive. "Miscellaneous Sympathomimetic Agonists" |. Amphetamine (also known as alpha-methylphenethylamine, amfetamine, and speed) is a stimulant substance of the phenethylamine class. DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. 318, 321. Progress in Neurobiology, 75 6, 406-33. 1216: 86–98. Amfetamine (in straattaal ook wel speed, pep, snelle of belly genoemd) is een synthetisch psychofarmacon en drug.De dextro-isomeer van amfetamine (dextro-amfetamine) wordt voorgeschreven als therapie voor ADHD en narcolepsie.Het racemaat van amfetamine kent momenteel geen medicinale toepassingen in Nederland en wordt slechts recreatief gebruikt. The name 'amphetamine' is a contraction from αlphamethylphenethylamine, Attention disorders are often treated using Adderall or a generic equivalent, a formulation of mixed amphetamine salts that contain both racemic-amphetamine, in the sulfate and aspartate monohydrate salt forms, and enantiopure dextroamphetamine, in the sulfate and saccharate salt forms, mixed to yield a final ratio of 3 parts dextroamphetamine to 1 part levoamphetamine. PMC 3236098 Freely accessible. "Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (1), CD003026-CD003026. Speedball is a dangerous mixture, often more so than the sum of the parts due to drug synergy.The original speedball used cocaine hydrochloride mixed with morphine sulfate, as opposed to heroin. Westfall DP, Westfall TC (2010). Adult ADHD Medications and Their Cardiovascular Implications |, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lisdexamfetamine Compared with d-Amphetamine in Healthy Subjects |, Stimulants for the Control of Hedonic Appetite |, Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of d rugs of potential misuse (ScienceDirect) |, Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05906.x. The pharmacology and clinical outcomes of amphetamines to treat ADHD: does composition matter? However, the first five attempts (Velocity 1 to 5) were failures. Angrist, B., & Sudilovsky, A. Baumann, M., Carroll, F.I., Dersch, C.M., Partilla, J.S., Rothman, R.B., Romero, D., & Rice, K. (2001). doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.007. "15". Amphetamine was first synthesized in Germany in 1887 by the Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu, who named it phenylisopropylamine.However, its stimulant effects remained unknown until 1927, when it was independently re-synthesized by Gordon Alles and discovered to have sympathomimetic properties. Amphetamine is a potent full agonist of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and interacts with vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). Upon single administration, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption).